A β-(1,3),(1,6)-D-glucan produced by A. pullulans (AP-PG) is known to be an immune stimulating agent. In this study, we demonstrate that the stimulation with AP-PG effectively induces the interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs) in macrophage-like cell lines. The ISGs, Mx1, ISG15 and viperin mRNAs were significantly increased in RAW264.7 cells after stimulation with AP-PG. The stimulation with AP-PG transiently induced IFN-β mRNA. However, the expression of viperin mRNA was also increased after stimulation with AP-PG even when new protein synthesis was completely blocked by treatment with cycloheximide. Further, in IFN-α receptor knockdown RAW264.7 cells, AP-PG stimulation more effectively induced viperin mRNA compared with that of IFN-α stimulation. The phosphorylation of Ser 727 in STAT1 involved in the enhancement of STAT1 activation was immediately increased after stimulation with AP-PG. In addition, viperin mRNA expression induced after stimulation with IFN-α was significantly increased by combined stimulation with AP-PG. These results suggest that stimulation with AP-PG effectively induces the ISGs through the induction of IFN and the enhancement of STAT1-mediated transcriptional activation.
Black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans extracellularly produces a β-(1,3),(1,6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) at certain growth conditions1,2. The A. pullulans-produced β-glucan (AP-PG) consists of a β-1,3-D-glycosidic linked main chain and β-1,6-D-glycosidic link
This 2014 study published in Scientific Reports directly evaluated the immunostimulatory potential of β-(1,3),(1,6)-D-glucan produced by Aureobasidium pullulans (AP-PG) in both in vitro and in vivo systems.
Stimulation with AP-PG effectively induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated innate immune cells. The research demonstrated that AP-PG operates through pattern recognition receptor pathways and stimulates immune responses comparable to or exceeding other well-studied beta glucan preparations. This represents direct evidence for the immunostimulatory potency of the specific β-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans.
This is foundational research directly demonstrating the immunostimulatory activity of AP-PG — the same compound used in Aureobasidium-derived supplements. The findings provide scientific grounding for the immune health claims associated with this specific beta glucan source.
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Muramatsu D., Kawata K., Aoki S., Uchiyama H., Okabe M., Hara M., Inagaki N.. Stimulation with the Aureobasidium pullulans-produced β-glucan effectively induces interferon stimulated genes in macrophage-like cell lines. Scientific Reports. 2014. DOI: 10.1038/srep04777.
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