Abstract It has been shown that β-(1 → 3)-(1 → 4)-glucans (BG34) from barley and oats can trigger recognition and internalization by murine and human macrophages. Increasing evidence has suggested that macrophage recognition and internalization of BG34 are dramatically affected by the purity of BG34, the molecular weight and chemical modification. In this study, we investigated the structural
Abstract Background The β–(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan extracellularly produced by Aureobasidium pullulans exhibits immunomodulatory activity, and is used for health supplements. To examine the effects of oral administration of the β–(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan to domestic animals, a small scale study was conducted using Holstein cows and newborn Japanese Black calves. Findings Holstein cows of which somatic cell
Abstract To maintain homeostasis of the immune system is considered important for the prevention of influenza A virus infection. Aberrant systemic inflammation is frequently induced by influenza A virus infection, and the severity of the symptoms is associated with pathogenicity of the virus. Lactic acid bacteria are known to have
Abstract Osteopontin (OPN) is involved in exacerbating various inflammatory diseases. A severe pulmonary inflammation is frequently found in lethal influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, the function of OPN against the infection was poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an importance of OPN on immune response and disease severity after IAV infection. We